Discuss the possible sources of bias and inaccuracy whenever a person looks back on their past histo

Deciding to solve the problem Analyzing the problem We've all had our share of problems - more than enough, if you come right down to it. So it's easy to think that this section, on defining and analyzing the problem, is unnecessary. A poorly defined problem - or a problem whose nuances you don't completely understand - is much more difficult to solve than a problem you have clearly defined and analyzed.

Summing up his short but detailed report, he includes the following as propaganda strategies: Incompleteness Inaccuracy Driving the agenda Milking the story maximizing media coverage of a particular issue by the careful use of briefings, leaking pieces of a jigsaw to different outlets, allowing journalists to piece the story together and drive the story up the news agenda, etc.

Exploiting that we want to believe the best of ourselves Perception Management in particular by using PR firms Reinforcing existing attitudes Simple, repetitious and emotional phrases e. The military recognizes the values of media and information control very well.

Information Operations The military often manipulates the mainstream media, by restricting or managing what information is presented and hence what the public are told. For them it is paramount to control the media. This can involve all manner of activities, from organizing media sessions and daily press briefings, or through providing managed access to war zones, to even planting stories.

This has happened throughout the 20th century. Over time then, the way that the media covers conflicts degrades in quality, critique and objectiveness. Information is the currency of victory an August U. Army field manual. However, as well as needing to deceive adversaries, in order to maintain public support, information to their own public must no doubt be managed as well.

That makes sense from a military perspective. Sometimes the public can be willing to sacrifice detailed knowledge. But that can also lead to unaccountability and when information that is presented has been managed such, propaganda is often the result.

Beelman also describes how this Information Operations is used to manage information: For reporters covering this war [on terrorism], the challenge is not just in getting unfettered and uncensored access to U.

IO, as it is known, groups together information functions ranging from public affairs PA, the military spokespersons corps to military deception and psychological operations, or PSYOP. What this means is that people whose job traditionally has been to talk to the media and divulge truthfully what they are able to tell now work hand-in-glove with those whose job it is to support battlefield operations with information, not all of which may be truthful.

Maud S. This, he points out, can be accomplished via several strategies: Overloading the Media This can be done by providing too much information! They would gorge the media with information, Beelman writes, quoting one as saying, When you make the media happy, the media will not look for the rest of the story.

Ideological Appeals A common way to do this is to appeal to patriotism and safeguarding the often unarticulated national interest Schechter describes, how Condaleezza Rice and other Bush administration officials persuaded the networks to kill bin Laden videos and other Al-Jazeera work during the initial months after the September 11 tragedy.

This is nothing new, however, as he points out; All administrations try to seduce and co-opt the media. Schechter describes the ramifications: It is this ideological conformity and world view that makes it relatively easy for a well-oiled and sophisticated IO propaganda machine to keep the U.

Some of those companies, such as NBC parent General Electric, have long been a core component of that nexus of shared interests that President Eisenhower called the military-industrial complex.

It is the spin that the military will put on it. A result of this is propaganda and spin becoming the official version. Withholding Information Of course, the military can often hide behind this one! Looked in isolation from other issues, this seems like an understandable and acceptable military strategy.

Yet, when combined with the other propaganda strategies, it is another way to withhold information. Co-Option And Collusion As Danny Schechter asks on this issue, why do we in the media go along with this approach time and again?

We are not stupid.Sep 14,  · Discuss the possible sources of bias and inaccuracy whenever a person looks back on their past history.

Be sure to discuss factors related to memory and factors related to cognition. Describe why the science of psychology places more emphasis on results based on scientific studies than it does on personal experience and anecdotes.

Understand sources of bias, and work to minimize them. Err on the high side for probability estimates. Use “probability/impact” risk data to evaluate and validate project business cases and expected returns. Be skeptical. Be very skeptical. When the thought “What are the chances ” occurs to you, the chances are likely higher than you.

How To Detect Bias In News Media. To portray issues fairly and accurately, media must broaden their spectrum of sources. Otherwise, they serve merely as megaphones for those in power Count the number of corporate and government sources versus the number of . To sum up, historians evaluate their sources by looking at them in the context of what was happening in society when the source was writing, by comparing them to other sources in a given time, by.

Retrospective Analysis of Personality Paper instructions: In this assignment, begin by taking a retrospective look at your life history, to discuss which aspects of your personality have remained consistent and which aspects of your personality have changed over time.

Then, analyze the roles of nature and nurture in shaping your personality. Subsequently, discuss possible sources of inaccuracy and bias in any retrospective analysis. Finally, discuss the reasons why systematic scientific studies are considered more valuable than individual accounts.

Thoroughly discussed the possible sources of bias and inaccuracy whenever a person looks back on their past history.

Thoroughly.