Theory of data communication

Jobs Uncertainty Reduction Theory An employer tells two unacquainted employees that they will be working together on a big project for the next six months. The startled individuals stare at each other awkwardly for a few seconds. Each one is thinking the same thing:

Layer 6, the presentation layer: Source coding digitization and data compressionand information theory. Cryptography may occur at any layer Applications and history[ edit ] Data mainly but not exclusively informational has been sent via non-electronic e.

Analog signal data has been sent electronically since the advent of the telephone. However, the first data electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were telegraphy and teletypewriterswhich are both digital signals. The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by Harry NyquistRalph HartleyClaude Shannon and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind.

Data transmission is utilized in computer networking equipment such as modemslocal area networks LAN adaptersrepeatersrepeater hubsmicrowave linkswireless network access pointsetc. In telephone networks, digital communication is utilized for transferring many phone calls over the Theory of data communication copper cable or fiber cable by means of Pulse code modulation PCMi.

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Telephone exchanges have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value added services. For example, the first AXE telephone exchange was presented in The current tendency is to replace traditional telecommunication services by packet mode communication Theory of data communication as IP telephony and IPTV.

Transmitting analog signals digitally allows for greater signal processing capability.

Communication Studies

The ability to process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously monitored. The multiplexing of multiple digital signals is much simpler to the multiplexing of analog signals.

Because of all these advantages, and because recent advances in wideband communication channels and solid-state electronics have allowed scientists to fully realize these advantages, digital communications has grown quickly.

Digital communications is quickly edging out analog communication because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communications to do so. The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication applications where the principles of data transmission are applied.

Examples are second-generation and later cellular telephonyvideo conferencingdigital TVdigital radiotelemetryetc.

Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the physical transfer of data a digital bit stream or a digitized analog signal[1] over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.

Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses.

The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal. While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel, digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel.

The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code baseband transmissionor by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms passband transmissionusing a digital modulation method.

The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation also known as detection is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion.

Core Concepts and Assumptions

Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation PCM or more advanced source coding analog-to-digital conversion and data compression schemes.

This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment. Serial and parallel transmission[ edit ] In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data. Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially.

Because it requires less signal processing and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of each individual path may be faster.

Information theory - Wikipedia

This can be used over longer distances as a check digit or parity bit can be sent along it easily. In telecommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of the signal elements of a character or other entity of data.

In digital communications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths.

Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission.

This method is used internally within the computer, for example the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers, The major issue with this is "skewing" because the wires in parallel data transmission have slightly different properties not intentionally so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message.

A parity bit can help to reduce this. However, electrical wire parallel data transmission is therefore less reliable for long distances because corrupt transmissions are far more likely. Types of communication channels Network topologies [ edit ].The tenth edition of A First Look at Communication Theory justifies again the program’s enduring popularity.

Griffin, joined by colleagues Andrew Ledbetter and Glenn Sparks, encourages students who are encountering the field for the first time to tackle theories without fear. Communication Theory is a featured book on Wikibooks because it contains substantial content, it is well-formatted, and the Wikibooks community has decided to feature it on the main page or in other places.

Please continue to improve it and thanks for the great work so far! You can edit its advertisement template. Listening. An important part of communication, listening is a “responsible nursing practice and requires concentration of attention and mobilization of all the senses for the perception of verbal and nonverbal messages emitted by the patient.”.

Listening. An important part of communication, listening is a “responsible nursing practice and requires concentration of attention and mobilization of all the senses for the perception of verbal and nonverbal messages emitted by the patient.”.

Data Communication and Computer Network Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs. This service enables its users to expand their Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help an organization to connect all of its offices in a city.

Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another, and vice versa. It enables the movement of electronic or digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical location, technological medium or data contents.